It is a little longer than the typical videos we use on this site, but it does a really nice job of breaking down step-by-step what happens during translation:In eukaryotes transcription occurs in the nucleus, whereas translation occurs outside the nucleus, in the cytoplasm by free cytoplasmic ribosomes or by ribosomes docked to the ER.Transcription is the process of using DNA as a template to make an RNA molecule:Francis Crick coined the phase “the Central Dogma” to describe the flow of information from nucleic acid to protein. For example, genes rarely operate during mitosis. Therefore, in order to study the distribution of mRNA and protein concentrations, it is important to consider the role of the constituent sub-processes of the protein production process, and estimate the net effect of the action of the regulators of these sub-processes. Gene Expression . Methionine is unusual in that it is specified only by a single codon: AUG. (Tryptophan is the only other amino acid specified by a single codon. 1997 ). Although information can flow reversibly between DNA and RNA via transcription and reverse transcription, no mechanism has yet been found for alterations in protein amino acid sequence to somehow effect a corresponding change in the RNA or DNA.And this video provides an animated overview of gene expression in a eukaryotic cell:Dr. Choi’s video lecture on this topic, in one 32-min chunk:Secondary structure of phenylalanyl-tRNA from yeast, from WikipediaDownload pdf of this page to print:So DNA template strands have promoters which is where the RNA polymerase binds in order to start transcription, but what is it that stops transcription?Even among nonsynonymous mutations, the exact amino acid change matters.
The same is also true for the mRNA encoding the protein.
Start site. Gene expression is the process by which the instructions present in our DNA are converted into a functional product, such as a protein. If you do the math, you can see that there are 64 possible codons (4^3), but we know that there are only 20 amino acids. In prokaryotes, there is typically a specific sequence that the ribosome binds to, which “positions” the ribosome at the starting AUG. 3.
The ribosome moves another 3 bases, and the empty tRNA is ejected to make room for a new amino-acyl tRNA.The RNA transcribed from a protein-coding gene in the nucleus is called the pre-mRNA. The main methods for gene delivery include transfection and transduction. Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code – the nucleotide sequence – of a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. In this article, we review the mechanistic details of these sub-processes and their mathematical models as a necessary first step towards formulation of a comprehensive model for the protein production process.Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 IndiaSome models for the protein production process organised in terms of breadth and level of detail included. Up-regulation is a process that occurs within a cell triggered by a signal (originating internal or external to the cell), which results in increased expression of one or more genes and as a result the protein(s) encoded by those genes. A peptide bond forms to join the amino acid to the carboxyl end of the growing polypeptide chain. Many biological processes are regulated by changing the concentration and activity of proteins. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.DNA (containing your gene of interest). A start site for transcription. This coupled transcription and translation can occur because prokaryotes have no nucleus. J Psychiatr Res. Once a system is selected, the method of gene delivery will need to be considered for protein expression. Image credit: Khan Academy (https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/trna-and-ribosomes); Image modified from “Translation: Figure 3,” by OpenStax College, Biology (CC BY 4.0).This video gives a highly simplified overview of the central dogma of molecular biology:The universal genetic code.
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