In the year 1643, an Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli invented the mercury barometer. Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli (pictured) is credited as the first person to invent the barometer. When the air was withdrawn from this box it naturally collapsed at its centre. Please try again.It was Galileo that suggested Evangelista Torricelli use mercury in his vacuum experiments. The concept that decreasing atmospheric pressure predicts stormy weather, postulated by Lucien Vidi, provides the theoretical basis for a weather prediction device called a "weather glass" or a "Goethe barometer" (named for Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the renowned German writer and polymath who developed a simple but effective weather ball barometer using the principles developed by Torricelli). His invention has many modern uses, but barometers are especially important for weather monitoring and prediction. Any increase in the pressure of the air, of course, weighed down on this “box” or “chamber” and closed it slightly: any decrease in pressure had the opposite effect, and allowed it to open. As with many inventions the thermometer came about through the work of many scientists and was improved upon by many others. The barometer, was invented three hundred years ago and work in connection with this invention is very interesting.In 1798 M. Compte, Professor of Aerostatics in the school at Meudon near Paris, invented a “watch-like, metallic, air- tight vacuum case, the lid of which, sustained by internal springs, rises and falls under variable pressures.” This undoubtedly was the first “aneroid” (Greek compound “without fluid”) barometer and was made for the reason that in his balloon ascents he found the mercury barometer suffered greatly from violent oscillation.Leaving one behind to be observed during his absence, he took the other up the Puy-de-Dome and at the summit observed that the mercury had fallen in the tube to 23 inches and 2 lines. Torricelli was a student (for a brief three months) of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), and he was inspired by his mentor’s observation that piston pumps can only lift water up 33 feet (about 10 meters), after which point it is impossible to pump the water any higher. It occurred to him that if the atmospheric pressure supported the mercury in the tube, as shown in Torricelli’s experiment, the height of the column of mercury in the tube should increase or decrease if the pressure increased or decreased.As the weight of mercury is about fourteen times greater than that of water, he reasoned that the heights of the two should be proportional to their weights.His apparatus, which was placed in an inverted position, consisted of a tube with a very smooth interior, into which a piston was closely fitted. This movement was transmitted to a series of levers terminating at a small post or pin to which an indicating hand was fitted. Interestingly, the Italian astronomer Gasparo Berti may have unintentionally built a barometer … Perier manufactured two tubes, filled them with mercury and observed them, leaving one in his garden at Clermont, the height of the mercury in the tubes being 26 French inches and 3 % lines.He was led to believe that nature’s abhorrence of a vacuum did not exceed the pressure of a column of water 32 feet high, but subsequently he devised an experiment to ascertain the power of a vacuum.The invention of the aneroid type of instrument was of great importance since it would be out of the question to carry for any distance a large mercury barometer, at least 34 inches long, both cumbersome and non portable. He tested his theory by filling a dish with mercury (he used mercury because it was denser than water and therefore would require a much smaller amount to indicate pressure changes). A suitably engraved or figured dial enabled all changes in pressure to be fairly accurately and quickly read.He died at Florence, Italy, October 25, 1647, before his great discovery was fully completed.The most distinguished men of science have worked to develop from this crude, but original instrument of three hundred years ago, the fine instrument of the present day, but the modern instrument is nothing but the original “tube inverted in a cup of mercury,” with many refinements.Pleased at his success and confident that the ideas of Pascal had been proven correct, he repeated the experiment, going to the highest tower in Clermont.
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