Dickens’ account of Fagin’s gang of young pickpockets led by the Artful Dodger, in ‘Oliver Twist’ published in 1837, played to this popular concern. The schools operated from the 1850s until 1933, after which the two types of school were merged under the Approved Schools Act. More far-reaching were the first Reformatory Schools, set up in 1854.
Young people were sent there for long sentences – usually several years. A reform school was a penal institution, generally for teenagers mainly operating between 1830 and 1900. The long sentences were designed to break the child away from the “bad influences” of home and environment.Image and Source 1 and 2 – PCOM 2/291Why were Victorian Prisons so tough?Source 3 – PC 1/2717 Lists of convicts embarked on the Elphinstone for Van Diemen’s landCrime, and how to deal with it, was one of the great issues of Victorian Britain. The Victorians had a firm belief in making criminals face up to their responsibilities and in punishment. Initially, tickets were issued so that these children could attend ordinary day schools but there were objections from teachers ‘who did not like having in their classes children so dirty, ragged and poor, and from the visitors, who found the children so hungry, that offering a ticket seemed like offering a stone instead of bread’ (Young and Ashton 1956: 242).
On the other hand, they believed firmly in stiff punishments. It was run like a boarding school, with lots of sport, staff not in uniform and a more encouraging attitude towards the children. In 1902 an experimental school was set up at Borstal, in Kent. Contents … Only £2.40; all proceeds to Refuge. In the United Kingdom and its colonies reformatories commonly called reform schools were set up from 1854 onwards for youngsters who were convicted of a crime as an alternative to an adult prison. Reformatory, correctional institution for the treatment, training, and social rehabilitation of young offenders.. In the first place there seemed to be a rising crime rate, from about 5,000 recorded crimes per year in 1800 to 20,000 per year in the 1830s. Curated and edited by Marina Benjamin. A step towards treating children differently was the Juvenile Offences Act of 1847, which said that young people under 14 (soon raised to 16) should be tried in a special court, not an adult court. Alternatively, it could be used to spark off discussion about prison today.The two cases in the documents illustrate what many would see as the severity of Victorian justice, based on retribution.Before Victorian times no distinction was made between criminals of any age. Both types of school began as a philanthropic effort in the nineteenth century, and aimed to deal with the perceived problem of juvenile delinquency, as well as provide relief for destitute children.
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