The French force quickly overcame Iraq's 45th Infantry Division, suffering light casualties and taking a large number of prisoners, and took up blocking positions to prevent an Iraqi counterattack on the coalition's flank. James N. Wilbourn, 29, Huntsville, Ala. Army Cpl. On 27 February, Saddam ordered a retreat from Kuwait, and President Bush declared it liberated. Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Andrew T. Cady, 25, Florence, Ore. Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Troy Josiah, 25, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. For Egypt, the cost totaled $1 billion, 3% of GDP. Army Maj. Mark A. Connelly, 34, Lancaster, Pa. Navy Lt. William T. Costen, 27, St. Louis. [144] The 1st Infantry Division's 5th Battalion, 16th Infantry also played a significant role clearing the trenches and captured 160 Iraqi soldiers in the process. Steven G. Mason, 23, Paragould, Ark. [87], Ultimately, the US and UK stuck to their position that there would be no negotiations until Iraq withdrew from Kuwait and that they should not grant Iraq concessions, lest they give the impression that Iraq benefited from its military campaign. [241] In 1996, bin Laden issued a fatwa, calling for US troops to leave Saudi Arabia. Eloy A. Rodriguez Jr., 34, Key West, Fla. Army Chief Warrant Officer Michael Anderson, Clarksville, Tenn. Marine Cpl. Therefore, the total number of US Gulf War casualties was 760 at the time of redeployment. Robert D. Talley, 18, Newark, N.J. Army Spc. Army Sgt. Iraq used Scud missiles, launching them into both Saudi Arabia and Israel. "[222] Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney did not mention the First Division's tactics in an interim report to Congress on Operation Desert Storm. Jerry L. King, 20, Winston-Salem, N.C. Air Force Maj. Thomas F. Koritz, 37, Rochelle, Ill. Army Pfc. In the Gulf War, coalition forces suffered around 378 deaths, and among the Iraqi military, tens of thousands were killed, along with … Glen D. Jones, 21, Grand Rapids, Minn. Marine Cpl. [184], A Harvard University study predicted tens of thousands of additional Iraqi civilian deaths by the end of 1991 due to the "public health catastrophe" caused by the destruction of the country's electrical generating capacity. [62], Iraqi commandos infiltrated the Kuwaiti border first to prepare for the major units, which began the attack at midnight. James R. Miller Jr., 20, Decatur, Ind. Paul R. Eichenlaub II, 29, Bentonville, Ark. Beverly S. Clark, 23, Armagh, Pa. Army Pfc. These are sometimes incorrectly used as the conflict's overall name, especially the US Desert Storm: The US divided the conflict into three major campaigns: Precision-guided munitions were heralded as key in allowing military strikes to be made with a minimum of civilian casualties compared to previous wars, although they were not used as often as more traditional, less accurate bombs. Operation Granby was the code name for the operations in the Persian Gulf. Shortly after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the organization Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the US. Tom Boland is a Gulf War Veteran's advocate. Army Staff Sgt. In nearly two days of some of the war's most intense fighting, the British destroyed 40 enemy tanks and captured a division commander. Following the UN-authorized use of force against Iraq, the Canadian Forces deployed a CF-18 Hornet and CH-124 Sea King squadron with support personnel, as well as a field hospital to deal with casualties from the ground war. Imagine a surrealistic painting by Salvador Dalí". No casualties were reported in Bahrain or Qatar. The Civilian Casualties is calculated by converting the total year dead by 43, the number of days the war lasted. On the ground, special operations forces also infiltrated Iraq, tasked with locating and destroying Scuds - including the ill-fated Bravo Two Zero patrol of the SAS. On 22 February 1991, Iraq agreed to a Soviet-proposed ceasefire agreement. The Canadian Task Group led the coalition's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf. We cannot come all the way to you in the United States, but individual Arabs may reach you ... We do not place America among the enemies. The US, the UK, and the Soviet Union rejected it; US Ambassador to the UN Thomas Pickering stated that the French proposal was unacceptable, because it went beyond previous Council resolutions on the Iraqi invasion. The Iraqi attack had two prongs, with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway, and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west, but then turning and driving east, cutting off Kuwait City from the country's southern half. The proposal also "include[d] offers to negotiate an oil agreement with the United States 'satisfactory to both nations' national security interests,' develop a joint plan 'to alleviate Iraq's economical and financial problems' and 'jointly work on the stability of the gulf.'"[85]. Michael L. Chinburg, 26, Durham, N.H. Marine Sgt. David T. Snyder, 21, Kenmore, N.Y. Marine Capt. Some felt that the war was an internal Arab affair or did not want to increase US influence in the Middle East. Iraqi forces in Kuwait counterattacked against US troops, acting on a direct order from Saddam Hussein himself. Source; PubMed Central; Authors: Nigel Mercer. Iraq launched Scud missiles against Israel and coalition targets in Saudi Arabia. Marine Lance Cpl. It was the spearhead of VII Corps, consisting primarily of the 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment, 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor Regiment, and the 4th Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment. Rolando A. Delagneau, 30, Gretna, La. Note. [93], Acting on the Carter Doctrine policy, and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, US President George H. W. Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a "wholly defensive" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia, under the codename Operation Desert Shield. The movement's right flank was protected by the United Kingdom's 1st Armoured Division. The Gulf war stood in direct contrast to the re-invasion of Iraq that was to occur some 12 years later. [268], The Gulf War has been the subject of several video games including Conflict: Desert Storm, Conflict: Desert Storm II and Gulf War: Operation Desert Hammer. Kenneth Jerome Jackson, 22, Concord, N.C. Army Sgt. Blue, Ft. Bliss, Texas. 1945. [88], On 14 January 1991, France proposed that the UN Security Council call for "a rapid and massive withdrawal" from Kuwait along with a statement to Iraq that Council members would bring their "active contribution" to a settlement of the region's other problems, "in particular, of the Arab–Israeli conflict and in particular to the Palestinian problem by convening, at an appropriate moment, an international conference" to assure "the security, stability and development of this region of the world." [47], Iraq's relations with its Arab neighbors, particularly Egypt, were degraded by mounting violence in Iraq against expatriate groups, who were well-employed during the war, by unemployed Iraqis, among them demobilized soldiers. Iraq fired 88 Scud missiles during the war's seven weeks. Christoper J. Chapman, 25, Charlotte, N.C. Army Capt. On 25 February 1991, Iraqi forces fired a Scud missile at an American barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. 382,600. A fourth ship, HMCS Huron, arrived in-theater after hostilities had ceased and was the first allied ship to visit Kuwait. The main Iraqi thrust into Kuwait City was conducted by commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack the city from the sea, while other divisions seized the airports and two airbases. This number was much lower than expected. This report is written in response to numerous requests for war casualty statistics and lists of war dead. Patrice O'Shaughness. Iraq fired more than 80 modified Scud missiles at Israel and Saudi Arabia during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, causing 31 deaths, numerous injuries, and substantial property damage. Army Spc. Care: 2,518 Persian Gulf Waro 1990-1991 Total 2,225,000 383 148 235 467 [140] Another enemy platoon, including six vehicles, was reported as being to the northeast of the Task Force. Army Sgt. On 29 November 1990, the Security Council passed Resolution 678, which gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait, and empowered states to use "all necessary means" to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline. Army Pfc. Furthermore, it was determined that a prolonged war in the region would induce much higher oil prices and threaten the fragile recovery of the world economy, which was just beginning to gain momentum. [191] This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports. According to the Jewish Virtual Library, Iraqi attacks killed 74 Israelis: two directly and the rest from suffocation and heart attacks. [158][159] The battles at 73 Easting, Norfolk, and Medina Ridge are well noted for their historic significance. [131][132] After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would. David Q. Douthit, 24, Tacoma, Wash. Navy Lt. Robert J. Dwyer, 32, Worthington, Ohio. Navy Fire Control Technician 3rd Class Timothy J. Jackson, 20, Anniston, Ala. Navy Seaman Apprentice Alexander Jones, 19, St. Louis. Army Sgt. Shortly after the Iraqi invasion, US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested US military assistance. Dennis W. Betz, 22, Alliance, Ohio. Many returning coalition soldiers reported illnesses following their action in the war, a phenomenon known as Gulf War syndrome or Gulf War illness. A few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces.[64]. [224] After the incident, the commander of the 1st Brigade said: "I know burying people like that sounds pretty nasty, but it would be even nastier if we had to put our troops in the trenches and clean them out with bayonets. Specifically, he called for Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon, Syria to withdraw from Lebanon, and "mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran and arrangement for the situation in Kuwait." "[190] The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown, but is believed to have been heavy. Germany and Japan provided financial assistance and donated military hardware, although they did not send direct military assistance. Most of the press information came from briefings organized by the military. Hannah Fischer Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Updated July 13, 2005. A reporter for the St. Petersburg Times acquired two commercial Soviet satellite images made at the time, which showed nothing but empty desert. 449,700. on page 130. 12/3/2020 TaskandPurpose : The inside story of the deadliest attack on a U.S. military base during the Iraq War Sonja Ruhren vividly recalls that morning 16 years ago. In January, the Division was placed under the tactical control of the XVIII Airborne Corps. The war's ground phase was officially designated Operation Desert Saber. [172], Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War sending a destroyer, ARA Almirante Brown (D-10), a corvette, ARA Spiro (P-43) (later replaced by another corvette, ARA Rosales (P-42)) and a supply ship (ARA Bahía San Blas (B-4)) to participate on the United Nations blockade and sea control effort of the Persian Gulf. Troy L. Gregory, 21, Richmond, Va. Air Force Capt. According to John Childs and André Corvisier, a low estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding 4,500 tanks, 484 combat aircraft and 232 combat helicopters. David L. Heyman, 28, Hazelwood, Mo. [81] Also, when US Secretary of State James Baker met with Tariq Aziz in Geneva, Switzerland, for last minute peace talks in early 1991, Aziz reportedly made no concrete proposals and did not outline any hypothetical Iraqi moves. The war was heavily televised. Kenneth B. Gentry, 32, Ringgold, Va. Army Chief Warrant Officer Robert G. Godfrey, 32, Phenix City, Ala. Marine Lance Cpl. Eliseo Felix, 19, Avondale, Ariz. Army Spc. A United Nations report in March 1991 described the effect on Iraq of the US-led bombing campaign as "near apocalyptic," bringing back Iraq to the "pre-industrial age. News World Order[262] was the title of another program in the series; it focused on the media's complicity in promoting the war, as well as Americans' reactions to the media coverage. The only CF-18 Hornet to record an official victory during the conflict was an aircraft involved in the beginning of the Battle of Bubiyan against the Iraqi Navy.[175]. Casualties by Casualty Type; Persian Gulf War. [145] Iraq lost close to 22 artillery battalions during the initial stages of this barrage,[146] including the destruction of approximately 396 Iraqi artillery pieces. The UK drew the border between Kuwait and Iraq in 1922, making Iraq almost entirely landlocked. The Emir and key ministers fled south along the highway for refuge in Saudi Arabia. Casualties of the Iraq War: Afghanistan (Operation Herrick) 2001 2014 456 101 546 British Forces casualties in Afghanistan since 2001: Sierra Leone Civil War: 2000 2000 1 1? Around 300 guns from multiple nations participated in the artillery barrage. Civilian Casualties in Persian Gulf War. Marine Sgt. Some estimate that Iraq sustained between 20,000 and 35,000 fatalities. Within President Ronald Reagan's National Security Council concern was growing that the war could spread beyond the boundaries of the two belligerents. William D. Cronin, Jr., 29, Elmhurst, Ill. Marine Capt. The plan was implemented and became the basis for US preparedness to respond to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1991. [270], 1990–1991 war between Iraq and Coalition Forces, This article is about the war in 1990–1991. [227] In 2012, 80,000 Palestinians (without Jordanian citizenship) lived in Kuwait. James Wilcher, 25, Crystal Springs, Miss. This publication, called the Riegle Report, summarized testimony this committee had received establishing that the US had in the 1980s supplied Saddam Hussein with chemical and biological warfare technology, that Saddam had used such chemical weapons against Iran and his own native Kurds, and possibly against US soldiers as well, plausibly contributing to the Gulf War Syndrome. Marine Capt. Scud is a tactical ballistic missile that the Soviet Union developed and deployed among the forward deployed Soviet Army divisions in East Germany. Eventually, over 400,000 people were expelled from the country, including a large number of Palestinians, because of PLO support of Saddam. Army Sgt. About 25% of Saudi Arabia's contribution was paid with in-kind services to the troops, such as food and transportation. Resolution 678, passed on 29 November 1990 gave Iraq a withdrawal deadline until 15 January 1991, and authorized "all necessary means to uphold and implement Resolution 660", and a diplomatic formulation authorizing the use of force if Iraq failed to comply. For other wars of that name, see, "Desert Storm" and "Operation Desert Storm" redirect here. On the 23rd, the CIA reported that Iraq had moved 30,000 troops to the Iraq-Kuwait border, and the US naval fleet in the Persian Gulf was placed on alert. Air Force Capt. [125] Approximately 230 Israelis were injured. It was just minutes into the first night of Operation Desert Storm, the U.S.-led coalition's offensive to expel the Iraqi Army from Kuwait. [136] Shortly after arrival in theatre Task Force 1–41 Infantry received a counter-reconnaissance mission. The priority was the destruction of Iraq's Air Force and anti-aircraft facilities. This joint effort would become known as Task Force Iron. Eleven Americans were killed in two separate friendly fire incidents, an additional 14 US airmen were killed when their AC-130 gunship was shot down by an Iraqi surface-to-air missile, and two US soldiers were captured during the battle. "[135], Task Force 1-41 Infantry was a US Army heavy battalion task force from the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). Kevin E. Wright, 22, Louisville, Ky. Marine Cpl. In order for the cartel to maintain its desired price of $18 per barrel, discipline was required. External exposure to radiation from depleted uranium is generally not a major concern because the alpha particles emitted by its isotopes travel only a few centimeters in air or can be stopped by a sheet of paper. Throughout the Cold War, Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union, and there was a history of friction between Iraq and the United States. [144] Prior to this action the Task Force's primary fire support battalion, 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment, participated in a massive artillery preparation. Army Spc. Arthur O. Garza, Kingsville, Texas, Marine Cpl. They deliberately did great harm to Iraq's ability to support itself as an industrial society ..."[230] In the Jan/Feb 1995 edition of Foreign Affairs, French diplomat Eric Rouleau wrote: "[T]he Iraqi people, who were not consulted about the invasion, have paid the price for their government's madness ... Iraqis understood the legitimacy of a military action to drive their army from Kuwait, but they have had difficulty comprehending the Allied rationale for using air power to systematically destroy or cripple Iraqi infrastructure and industry: electric power stations (92 percent of installed capacity destroyed), refineries (80 percent of production capacity), petrochemical complexes, telecommunications centers (including 135 telephone networks), bridges (more than 100), roads, highways, railroads, hundreds of locomotives and boxcars full of goods, radio and television broadcasting stations, cement plants, and factories producing aluminum, textiles, electric cables, and medical supplies. The continued presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia after the war was one of the stated motivations behind the 11 September terrorist attacks,[239] the Khobar Towers bombing, and the date chosen for the 1998 US embassy bombings (7 August), which was eight years to the day that US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia. [citation needed], The draining of the Qurna Marshes also called The Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes occurred in Iraq and to a smaller degree in Iran between the 1950s and 1990s to clear large areas of the marshes in the Tigris-Euphrates river system. Navy Boiler Tech. Coalition forces pressed another 10 km into Iraqi territory, and captured their objective within three hours. The Iraqi government claimed that 2,300 civilians died during the air campaign. However, these positions were poorly defended, and were overrun in the first few hours. Jimmy W. James, 22, New Jersey. Global Positioning System (GPS) units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert. The Dutch Defense Ministry later stated that the military use of the Patriot missile system was largely ineffective, but its psychological value for the affected populations was high.[130]. In a US bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism. Iraq and Libya were the only two Arab League states that opposed the resolution for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait; the PLO opposed it as well. [55], I know you need funds. It was widely condemned throughout the world, and four days later, the UN Security Council unanimously approved a trade embargo against Saddam’s regime. James D. Hawthorne, 24, Stinnett, Texas. Army Sgt. The World Bank responded by speeding up the disbursement of existing project and adjustment loans. Bradley R. Schuldt, Arlington Heights, Ill. Air Force Staff Sgt. Iraqi ground forces consolidated their control of Kuwait City, then headed south and redeployed along the Saudi border. Australian forces experienced a number of incidents in the first number of weeks of the Desert Storm Campaign including the detection of significant air threats from Iraq as a part of the outer perimeter of Battle Force Zulu; the detection of free sea floating mines and assistance to the aircraft carrier USS Midway. Casualties War or Conflict Branch of Service Number Serving Total Deaths Battle Deaths Other Deaths Wounds Not Mortala Marines 794,000 14,844 13,095 1,749 Hosp. Nels A. Moller, 23, Paul, Idaho. However, a year after the war, this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication. Donald Danielson, Ft. Bragg, N.C. Navy Aviation Structural Mechanic 3rd Class Phillip J. Thomas, 25, Chapel Hill, N.C. Army Sgt. American-made color photocopiers were used to produce some of Iraq's battle plans. "Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force. Army Spc. BibTeX (win & mac)Download; EndNote (tagged)Download; EndNote 8 (xml)Download; RefWorks Tagged (win & mac)Download; RIS (win only)Download; MedlarsDownload; Help. [109] She hadn't lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion. Kenneth J. Perry, 23, Lake Waccamaw, N.C. Army Pfc. Over 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed by Iraqis. BibTeX (win & mac)Download; EndNote (tagged)Download; EndNote 8 (xml)Download; RefWorks Tagged (win & mac)Download; RIS (win only)Download; MedlarsDownload; Help. However, when no US support came, Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising. Marine Lance Cpl. This move was supported by the US, who believed that Iraqi ties with pro-Western Gulf states would help bring and maintain Iraq inside the US' sphere of influence. Sgt. The Senate supported the military actions in a 52–47 vote. Kenneth T. Keller, 26, Cook County, Ill. Marine Sgt. The Iraqis fiercely resisted, and the Americans eventually withdrew as planned back into the Wadi Al-Batin. [39] Most of its debt was owed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Both Royal Air Force and Naval Air Squadrons, using various aircraft, operated from airbases in Saudi Arabia and Naval Air Squadrons from various vessels in the Persian Gulf. And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of casualties. Charles L. Bowman, Jr., 20, Manchester, Md. Richard V. Wolverton, 22, Latrobe, Pa. Army Spc. Care: 51,392 No Hosp. Michael R. Allen, 32, West Point, Miss. After the Gulf War started, he concluded Iraq’s peace with Iran and raised his occupying force levels to 300,000. Researchers have said that they did not have enough information to link birth defects with exposure to toxic substances.[208]. On 15 July 1990, Saddam's government laid out its combined objections to the Arab League, including that policy moves were costing Iraq $1 billion a year, that Kuwait was still using the Rumaila oil field, that loans made by the UAE and Kuwait could not be considered debts to its "Arab brothers". [55], Saddam stated that he would attempt last-ditch negotiations with the Kuwaitis but Iraq "would not accept death. [44] The Iraqi government described it as a form of economic warfare,[44] which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwait slant-drilling across the border into Iraq's Rumaila oil field. [107], Although the Iraqi military committed human rights abuses during the invasion, the alleged incidents that received the most publicity in the US were fabrications of the public relations firm hired by the government of Kuwait to persuade Americans to support military intervention. Army Spc. [99], A coalition of forces opposing Iraq's aggression was formed, consisting of forces from 39 countries: Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. [186] A report commissioned by the US Air Force estimated 10,000–12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign, and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war. The International Monetary Fund adopted two lending facilities – the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) and the Compensatory & Contingency Financing Facility (CCFF). Summary. US policy regarding media freedom was much more restrictive than in the Vietnam War. Air Force Tech. These resolve into several categories: ground troops killed in the air war, other military personnel killed at fixed military installations, personnel killed in the air or at sea, and personnel killed during the ground war and after the cease-fire. Harry G. Hogan, 33, Birmingham, Ala. Air Force Maj. Stephen G. Schramm, 43, Birmingham, Ala. Air Force Capt. [46] Saudi-backed development projects were hampered by Iraq's large debts, even with the demobilization of 200,000 soldiers. The station was short lived, ending shortly after President Bush declared the ceasefire and Kuwait's liberation. In reality, the Iraqi Army did commit various well-documented crimes during its occupation of Kuwait, such as the summary execution without trial of three brothers, after which their bodies were stacked and left to decay in a public street. James M. Lang, 20, Pomfret, Md. US and British special operations forces had been covertly inserted into western Iraq to aid in the search for and destruction of Scuds. John P. Blessinger, 33, Fort Walton Beach, Fla. Army Spc. Attacked With Bulldozers During War Ground Attack", "The gulf war: appendix: Iraqi death toll", Yemen's president flees for medical treatment as search for new leader begins, "Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance? [97], After stops in Helsinki and Moscow to smooth out Iraqi demands for a Middle-Eastern peace conference with the Soviet Union, Baker traveled to Syria to discuss its role in the crisis with its President Hafez Assad. James B. Cunningham, 22, Glendale, Ariz. Army Sgt. He also called for a replacement of US troops that mobilized in Saudi Arabia in response to Kuwait's invasion with "an Arab force", as long as that force did not involve Egypt. In addition, the US moved to support its ally Saudi Arabia, whose importance in the region, and as a key supplier of oil, made it of considerable geopolitical importance. A pact of non-interference and non-aggression was signed between the countries, followed by a Kuwaiti-Iraqi deal for Iraq to supply Kuwait with water for drinking and irrigation, although a request for Kuwait to lease Iraq Umm Qasr was rejected. But, moments later, Shepard returned as flashes of light were seen on the horizon and tracer fire was heard on the ground. During the conflict, coalition aircrew shot down over Iraq were displayed as prisoners of war on TV, most with visible signs of abuse. Total Dead. In Kuwait, the Emir was restored, and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed. Arthur Galvan, 33, Navarre, Fla. Army Chief Warrant Officer Phillip M. Garvey, 39, Pensacola, Fla. Army Sgt. [147] This artillery prep was supplemented by air attacks by B-52 bombers and Lockheed AC-130 fixed wing gunships. It was decided to send British armored forces into Kuwait 15 hours ahead of schedule, and to send US forces after the Republican Guard. They appeared to be Iraqi Soviet-made BTRs and tanks. Additionally, he requested an "immediate freeze of all boycott and siege decisions" and a general normalization of relations with Iraq.
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